11/11/2022 0 Comments Endnote formate![]() Organometallic complexes that insert CO 2 into an M–H bond and the use of supercritical CO 2 to facilitate its hydrogenation are two promising approaches to the development of a homogeneous catalytic process ( 3– 5). Consequently, catalysts that are able to sequester CO 2 from the atmosphere rapidly and efficiently, to generate reduced carbon compounds for use as fuels or chemical feedstocks, have long been sought after. As the unreactive product of the combustion of carbon-containing molecules, such as fossil fuels, and biological respiration, it is accumulating in the atmosphere and is a major cause of concern in climate-change scenarios ( 1, 2). FDH1 demonstrates the feasibility of interconverting CO 2 and formate electrochemically, and it is a template for the development of robust synthetic catalysts suitable for practical applications.Ĭarbon dioxide (CO 2) is a kinetically and thermodynamically stable molecule that is difficult to chemically activate. Thermodynamically, formate and hydrogen are oxidized at similar potentials, so formate is a viable energy source in its own right as well as an industrially important feedstock and a stable intermediate in the conversion of CO 2 to methanol and methane. Formate oxidation is more than five times faster than CO 2 reduction. Both as a homogeneous catalyst and on the electrode, FDH1 catalyzes CO 2 reduction with a rate more than two orders of magnitude faster than that of any known catalyst for the same reaction. It occurs under thoroughly mild conditions, and formate is the only product. Electrocatalysis by FDH1 is thermodynamically reversible-only small overpotentials are required, and the point of zero net catalytic current defines the reduction potential. ![]() Here, we show that a tungsten-containing formate dehydrogenase enzyme (FDH1) adsorbed to an electrode surface catalyzes the efficient electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to formate. However, available methods for the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 require excessive overpotentials (are energetically wasteful) and produce mixtures of products. The production of reduced carbon compounds from CO 2 is an attractive proposition, because carbon-neutral energy sources could be used to generate fuel resources and sequester CO 2 from the atmosphere. It is easily formed by the oxidation of organic molecules, during combustion or respiration, but is difficult to reduce. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is a kinetically and thermodynamically stable molecule. In the document, select the note reference mark of the note that you want to delete, and then press DELETE. To delete a footnote or an endnote, you must delete the note reference mark in the document window, not the text of the note. Hold down OPTION, and then drag the mark to the new location. To move or copy a note, you work with the note reference mark in the document window, not with the text of the note. Word updates cross-references automatically when you print. #Endnote formate updateHold down CONTROL, click the cross-reference number, and then click Update Field on the shortcut menu. If you add, delete, or move a cross-referenced footnote or endnote, you must update the cross-reference number. Select the note reference mark, footnote, or endnote, and then on the Home tab, under Font, apply the formatting changes that you want. You can change the size or font of the note reference mark, footnote, or endnote exactly as you would any other text. Word inserts the note number and puts the cursor next to the note number in the footnote or endnote. Under Format, select the numbering options that you want, and then click Insert. Under Location, click Footnotes or Endnotes, and then on the Footnotes or Endnotes pop-up menu, click the location that you want. In your document, click where you want to insert the note reference mark. However, you cannot use the information in the Citations tool or Source Manager to create footnotes or endnotes, and you cannot use footnotes or endnotes to create a list of works cited or a bibliography. ![]() ![]() ![]() The source information stored in the Citations tool or Source Manager can be used to create citations, a list of works cited, or a bibliography. Footnotes and endnotes differ from citations, which are parenthetical references that are placed inline with the text. A footnote or an endnote consists of two parts - the note reference mark and the corresponding note text. Footnotes are positioned at the bottom of the page, whereas endnotes are positioned together on a page at the end of the document. Footnotes and endnotes are used to explain, comment on, or provide references for text in a document. ![]()
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